Imyiteguro yabanzirizaga ibitero by’ingabo z’u Rwanda rwo hambere
Mu gitabo Inganji Karinga ku ipaji ya 80 kugeza ku ya 84, ingabo z’u Rwanda zari zarahurijwe mu mitwe itunganyije neza, buri mutwe ufite icyo ushinzwe.
Iyo byabaga ngombwa ko u Rwanda rutera igihugu runaka, hari imihango yagombaga kubanza gukorwa kugira ngo ingabo zitazagira icyo zibura ziri ku rugamba.
Kuri buri nkiko (imipaka y’ubu) y’u Rwanda habaga hari intasi (ba maneko) bashinzwe kumenya ibiri mu gihugu kigiye guterwa n’imihango bagira y’itabaro, imitwe y’inka itunzwe n’izo ngabo n’ibindi.
Ibwami habaga abanyamuhango bitwa abanyabyuma. Umurimo wabo wari uwo kumenya ibintu byo mu magaza y’ibwami ni ukuvuga amahembe y’inzovu, ibyambarwa by’amoko yose, imyambaro y’abami ba kera cyangwa intwaro zabo harimo n’izo yacurishaga zo kuzaha ingabo ze ku rugamba nk’inkota, amacumu, imitana n’imiheto.
Abanyabyuma bamenyaga kandi inzoga zituwe zo guha abahungu n’imitsama yo kwenga izindi nzoga.
Umwami Rwabugiri ni we waje gutuma abanyabyuma bategekwa n’abatware benshi ariko ubusanzwe bategekwaga n’umuntu umwe.
Ibi yabikoze kubera ko mu bitero yari yagabye hirya no hino, yari yaranyaze ibikoresho byinshi cyane bigatuma umuntu umwe atashobora gucunga ababishinzwe bose bityo ashyiraho abandi bo kubicunga.
Rwabugili kandi ngo yari afite ukuntu yacuruzaga bimwe mu byo yanyaze. Uyu mwami kandi yaturwaga amaturo menshi yavaga muri Karagwe n’u Bujinja hakabamo imyenda n’ibindi bya kizungu.
Ibi nibyo bitaga urwunguko.
Ibyakorwaga mbere y’uko igitero gihaguruka
Igitero cyajyaga guhaguruka, abanyabyuma bagahabwa abikorezi b’inzoga, abahetsi b’imitana (aho babika imyambi), n’ab’intwaro zose.
Iyo bageraga ahantu, Umwami agashaka ko bahaca ingando (bahakambika by’igihe gito), abatware bazaga kwaka imihoro bakayigabanywa, bagacisha ingando aho bageze.
Ibyo byarangiraga imihoro yose ikagarurwa mu banyabyuma, ikazongera gutangwa ikindi gihe bizaba ngombwa ko baca indi ngando ahandi hantu.
Iyo hahuruzwaga ingabo zidafite intwaro zihagije Umwami yategekaga ko abanyabyuma baziziha (baziha ingabo) kuko babaga bazitwaje mu rwego rwo kugira amakenga.
Abanyamuhango bitwaga Abatora nibo bubakaga inzu z’Umwami yatahagamo mbere cyangwa nyuma y’urugamba nyirizina.
Abatora bagendanaga ibisenge ‘bitunze’ babyikoreye, aho bageze ako kanya inzu ikaba iruzuye!
Iyo bamaraga kuyuzuza, abitwa Abanyansika bakazana ibibambano bakayishyiramo izo nsika bagendanaga.
Nyuma yabo abitwa Abagendanyi bazanaga ibirago n’ibyahi, bagasasa ariko isaso yabaga yaciwe n’abandi banyamuhango bitwaga Abanyamuheto.
Abitwaga Abanyabigagara bagendanaga ibisabo n’ibicuba by’amata bakabuganiza, bagacunda, bakamenya isuku y’imbilibili.
Nyuma hazaga abashinzwe kuzana inkwi no gucana mu nzu bitwaga Abavunangoma, bakaba baragendanaga inkwi.
Mu gihe ibyo byose byabaga bikorwa abitwaga Banyirumugezi babaga bamaze kuvoma amaliba, bagejeje ibwami amazi azakenerwa yose.
Iriba babaga bavomyemo baryubakagaho inzu iruhande zo kuririnda inka za rubanda cyangwa na rubanda ubwarwo ngo rutanduza amazi y’Umwami.
Mu rugo rw’Umwami rwo hafi y’itabaro habaha kandi abitwaga Abakutsi bari bashinzwe kuyora ivu.
Kagame Alex yanditse ko urebye ukuntu ibintu by’ibwami byabaga bitunganyije wasanga nta gishya abazungu baje kwigisha Abanyarwanda uretse kunogereza gusa bya ruzungu!
Iyo bwamaraga kwira, abanyamuhango bitwaga Abakannyi bazaga kurara izamu bwacya bose bagahambira ibyabo.
Umwami agahekwa n’Abatwa, abamikazi bagahekwa n’Intarindwa, abanyamuhango bagaheka ibyabo bagashyira nzira (bakagenda).
Hari igihe u Rwanda rwabayeho rudaterwa n’ibihugu byari bituranye kandi na rwo ntirutere. Nyuma y’igihe runaka bamwe mu Bami b’u Burundi batangiye kujya batera ab’u Rwanda bituma u Rwanda rubona ko rugomba gushinga imitwe y’ingabo ku nkiko zarwo (ingerero) ndetse no kugira intasi hirya no hino.
Imitwe y’ingabo yabaga irimo intore zatorejwe mu itorero. Buri Mwami yatoraga intore ze. Iyo Umwami yamaraga gutanga (yapfuye), abo babyirukanye na bo babaga bamaze gusaza bityo itorero ryabo rigashirana na we.
Nyuma bitinze, baza kwibuka ibyo kurema ingerero, intore Umwami yatoye zikaguma aho, yamara gutanga zigahabwa umugaba, nyuma abana bazo bakazazisimbura mu matorero, bityo bityo…
Igihe cyarageze Umwami atekereza gushyiraho n’umutwe w’inka z’inyambo, buri mutwe w’inyambo akawubangikanya n’umutwe w’ingabo runaka zishinzwe kuwurinda.
Bivugwa ko Abanyiginya ari bo bakoze imitwe y’ingabo myinshi mu Rwanda kandi Kagame Alex yemeza ko bageze mu Rwanda kera cyane kurusha uko ibitabo bya ba Pagès na de Lacger bibivuga.
Nubwo muri iyi nkuru twifashishije igitabo ‘Inganji Karinga’ ntibibujije ko buri wese mu basomyi b’UMUSEKE yatanga igitekerezo ku ngingo twanditseho ashingiye ku gitabo runaka yasomye.
Ibi byatuma twungurana ibitekerezo ku mateka y’u Rwanda akunda gukurura impaka nyinshi mu ntiti.
Ejo bundi twibutse intwari zacu,
Uretse Rudahigwa, Ndabaga n’abandi muzi ko bafite aho bahuriye n’amateka y’u Rwanda mubona abandi bantu babaye intwari mu mateka yarwo ari abahe?
Impamvu Abakoloni bambuye ububasha umwami Musinga
Guhera mu mwaka w’i 1926 Ababiligi batangiye kwerekana ko Musinga adashoboye gutegeka nk’uko babigaragaje muri raporo bakoze muri uwo mwaka, kkuko bigaragawa mu bitabo bimwe na bimwe bivuga ku mateka y’u Rwanda.
Rezida wa Rwanda-Urundi yagiraga ati : “Nubwo twirukanye Gashamura (yari umuyobozi w’Abiru) mu gihugu, Abiru ari bo bajyanama b’Umwami bongeye kubura umutwe bayobowe na Bandora, naho Umwami we ni igikinisho bifitiye mu biganza byabo. Musinga ni Umwami utagifite imbaraga kandi ushaje imburagihe, ufite indwara yo kutagira uwo yizera, ahubwo akemera cyane amabwire y’abapfumu.”
Muri iyo baruwa, Rezida akomeza avuga ko Musinga atihanganira abantu bose bakorana n’Ababiligi, abakangisha ibyo abapfumu bamubeshya ko abazungu bagiye gusubira iwabo agasubirana ubutegetsi bwe bwose, maze abanze kumwumvira akabahana yihanukiriye. Arangiza avuga ko abatware bose bacitse intege kubera iyo myitwarire ya Musinga.
Gashamura yirukanwe n’Abazungu b’Abakoloni ndetse n’Abihaye IMANA bamushinja ko ari umupfumu w’Umwami, maze mu 1925 bamuca mu gihugu bamwohereza i Gitega mu Burundi. Umuhungu we Rwampungu wagombaga kumusimbura bamujyanye mu ishuri ry’abana b’abatware i Nyanza, maze mu 1928 aza kubatirizwa muri Kiriziya Gatorika, bityo urwego rw’Abiru rwari rukomeye mu buyobozi bw’igihugu rubura abo kuruyobora. Igitabo ubumwe bw’abanyarwanda mu mateka yabo handitswe ko muri uwo mwaka kandi Rezida yabujije Musinga kongera gukora umuhango w’umuganura.
Amateka akomeza agaragaza ko ibyo byemezo byose byafatwaga kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa umwami atabyishimiraga, akaba ari na yo mpamvu yabonaga nta butegetsi asigaranye. Ku ruhande rw’Abihaye IMANa naho ntibyari byoroheye Musinga kuko muri icyo gihe nabwo igisonga cya Musenyeri cyamushinjaga ubusinzi no kubuza abana be kujya mu mashuri ndetse akababuza no kuyoboka idini ya gikirisitu. Arangiza avuga ko ingaruka z’ibyo byose ari uko abenshi barimo bacika kuri uwo mwami usa n’impumyi.
Ubwumvikane buke bwarakomeje kugeza ubwo Abakoloni b’Ababiligi, n’Abihaye IMANA b’icyo gihe, ndetse n’abayobozi b’abakoloni bafashe icyemezo cyo kumukura ku ngoma, dore ko n’ubundi nta butegetsi yari asigaranye kuko mu 1923 abazungu bari baramumenyesheje ko nta mutware azongera kunyaga atabajije Rezida, ndetse n’abo batware bakaba batari bafite ubushobozi bwo kunyaga abo bayobora bitanyuze muri izo nzira. Guhera mu mwaka w’i 1930, Abihaye IMANA ndetse n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi batangiye gukora inama zigamije kumukura ku Bwami ku buryo mu mwaka wakurikiyeho hari hasigaye imyiteguro no kubishyira mu bikorwa.
Ibaruwa yanditswe na Guverineri wungirije witwaga Voisin yandikiye Musenyeri Classe ku itariki 5 Mutarama 1931 nkuko bigaragara mu gitabo cya de Lacger. Uwo muyobozi yagiraga ati : “ Nagerageje kenshi kumvisha umwami inshingano ze, nyuma nza gusanga atajya yemera ikintu cyose adafitemo inyungu, bityo akaba adashobora gutuma abaturage be batera imbere ahubwo abasubiza inyuma ku bushake bwe. Kubera izo mpamvu rero ndabona ntacyo agishoboye, akaba agomba gusimburwa. Ndumva biramutse bikozwe vuba cyane byaba ari byiza.”
Gukura Musinga ku ngoma ntibyoroheye abakoloni
Ntibyari gushoboka ko Musinga bahita bamukura ku ngoma batarabona uwo bazamusimbuza, kuko byari byaragaragaye ko Abanyarwanda bari bakunze umwami, kandi bikaba ari ihame ko umwami asimburwa n’umwana we. Babonaga batabikoze batyo byatera imvururu mu gihugu, amahanga cyane Ubudage bwari bwaramaze kwemererwa kuba umunyamuryango mu nama y’ibihugu bikomeye ku isi bwari kubyuririraho bugasaba ko Ububiligi babwambura u Rwanda. Niyo mpamvu bagombaga kubanza guhitamo hagati y’abana be babiri.
Hari Rwigemera, akaba yari yarize mu ishuri ryari ryarashyiriweho abana b’abatware ry’i Nyanza kandi akorera ubutegetsi bw’Ababiligi i Kigali kandi ntiyumvikane na se Musinga.Yari umuhanga cyane kandi ashyigikiwe na bamwe mu batware nabo batumvikanaga na se, barimo Rwagataraka umukwe wa Musinga na Kayondo nyirarume utarumvikanaga na Rudahigwa kuko uwo Kayondo yari yarigeze kumunyaga mu 1929.
Undi mwana wa Musinga na none yari Rudahigwa wari ukunzwe n’Abihaye IMANA kuko yitondaga kandi akunda gusenga. Bityo rero, Ababiligi bifuzaga umukozi ubishoboye, naho abihaye IMANA bakifuza umukozi w’umukirisitu w’intangarugero. Kubera ko Rudahigwa yari ashyigikiwe na Musenyeri Classe, kandi na we akaba yari yarize mu ishuri ry’abana b’abatware, byatumye na Guverineri wungirije Voisin ndetse na Guverineri mukuru wari uwa Kongo Mbirigi yose ari we Tilkens bemeza ko umwana ugomba gusimbura Musinga ku Ngoma aba Rudahigwa, icyo gihe akaba yari umutware wa Marangara kandi ari n’umwigishwa w’iyobokamana i Kabgayi.
Bamaze gutegura uko gahunda zizagenda, Musenyeri Classe abigezaho Rudahigwa, abimusobanurira neza maze arabyemera. Mu nimero itaha tuzabagezaho uko Musinga yaje gukurwa ku ngoma akaza gusimburwa n’umwana we Rudahigwa.
Ese imyemerere y’ abakurambere b’abanyarwanda mu iyobokamana yagarukiraga he ? (igice cya mbere)
Ntibitangaje kuba abakurambere b’abanyarwanda baribajije ku nkomoko y’ubuzima ku isi kuko kuva mwene muntu yagera ku isi atahwemye gutekereza ku nkomoko y’ ubuzima ku isi, ku indunduro yabwo ndetse n’imibereho ya nyuma yo kumira umwuka(gupfa.)
Ingero ntizibuze kuko mu moko atandukanye agize ibihugu by’isi kuva na kera usanga hari imigani (mytes) n’ibitekerezo (théories) bitandukanye byose usanga bigerageza gutanga ubusobanuro bw’inkomoko y’isanzure ndetse n’iy’isi n’ibiyituye na muntu arimo.
Gusa ibi bamwe mu bahanga babigabanyije mu mashami abiri ariyo “cosmogonie” (uburyo bwo gusobanura inkomoko y’isanzure n’ibiririmo hifashishijwe imigani n’ibitekerezo bitandukanye cyangwa imyemerererunaka) ndetse na “Abiogenèse”(ikubira hamwe ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku bimenyetso).
Hamwe na hamwe usanga nk’abahinde bo hambere barasobanuye ukwabo inkomoko ya muntu bitandukanye n’abanyamisiri bo hambere, abo muri mezopotamiya ya kera bagasobanura ibi mu buryo butandukanye n’abagereki n’abaromani bo hambere, abakirisitu bagasobanura iremwa ry’isi bifashishije bibiriya ku buryo butandukanye n’abo n’abandi.
Ku rundi ruhande kandi usanga abahanga mu bya siyanse(les scientifiques) nabo bagerageza gusobanura inkomoko y’isanzure n’ubuzima ku isi bifashishije ibimenyetso bigaragarira amaso haba hifashishijwe ibyuma kabuhariwe cyangwa se imibare n’ibindi.
Nyamara ariko n’ubwo ibi byose bikorwa inkomoko y’ubuzima ku isi bivugwa ko bwaba bwaratangiye mu myaka iri hagati ya miliyari 3,5 na 3,8 ishize iracyari amayobera.
Nk’uko inkomoko y’ubuzima itavugwaho rumwe ni nako kandi indunduro yabwo itavugwaho rumwe n’abantu batandukanye ndetse yewe ugasanga n’amaherezo ya muntu nyuma yo kumira umwuka(gupfa) aracyari amayobera.
Aha biterwa ahanini n’uko gupfa burundu warangiza ukazuka bidakunze kubaho n’ubwo hari bamwe usanga batanga ubuhamya ko byababayeho ndetse bakanagerageza gusubiramo ibyo babonye..
Ibi bibazo by’insobe bitahwemye kwibazwa n’ikiremwa muntu iyo kiva kikagera byatumye buri bwoko bugerageza kubishakira ibisubizo ubwabwo ndetse abahanga mu by’imibereho ya muntu bakavuga ko iyi ishobora kuba ariyo yabaye inkomoko y’imyemerere itandukanye ku isi.
Gusa ariko n’ubwo imyemerere itandukanye henshi hadutse ihame ntakuka kandi rihuriweho n’imyemerere itari mike ko hashobora kuba hari ikiremwa cy’ikinyabushobozi kiruta ibindi ndetse na muntu ubwe.
Abakurambere b’abanyarwanda nabo bemeraga iryo hame
Iyo urebye mu bitabo bitandukanye byanditswe n’abanditsi b’abanyarwanda nka Mgr Aloys Bigirumwami, Padiri Alegisi Kagame n’abandi ku myemerere gakondo y’abanyarwanda bo hambere usanga nabo baremeraga ko hari ikinyabubasha kibarenze ari nayo mpamvu mu rurimi gakondo rw’ikinyarwanda usanga harimo amazina yahawe icyo kinyabubasha nk’ Imana, Rurema, Iyakare n’andi.
Bamwe mu bakoze ubushakashatsi ku myemerere y’abanyarwanda nka Ruhumuriza Benjamini bemeza kandi ko ubu bwoko bwemeraga ko muntu agizwe n’ibice bibiri ; “umubiri”ndetse “n’igicucu”.
Bemeraga ko igice cyitwa umubiri kigizwe n’inyama, amaraso, amagufwa n’imyunyu itandukanye, bakemera kandi ko ari cyo gisamwa, kikavuka, kigakura, kigasaza kigapfa ndetse kikanabora.
Abanyarwanda kandi ngo bemeraga ko igicucu,icyo bakunze kwita muri iki gihe roho cyangwa umwuka,aricyo kiva mu muntu agapfa akaba ari nacyo abakurambere b’abanyarwanda bemeraga ko gihinduka umuzimu.
Mu gitabo cye yise “Intambara y’abazimu”, umwanditsi Ruhumuriza avuga ko abanyarwanda bemeraga cyangwa bemera ko imibereho y’umuzimu itandukanye cyane n’iy’umubiri ukirimo umwuka, mbese umuntu muzima.
Urugero ngo bemeraga cyangwa bemera ko umuzimu ashobora kugira ububasha bwo kwinjira mu nzu zikinze cyangwa mu mubiri w’undi muntu mutaraga, mu mubiri w’inyamaswa cyangwa umuntu wapfuye (réincarnation), kwinjira mu kantu gato (compréssibilité), kuzura mu kintu kinini (expansibilité), kujya kure mu gihe gito( rapidité), kwambara urumuri nk’izuba, kuvuga no kumva indimi zitandukanye atigeze avuga akiri mu mubiri, gutembera mu bihe byahise cyangwa ibizaza n’ibindi.
Imwe muri iyi myemerere kandi abanyarwanda bayihuje n’amoko atandukanye yo mu bihugu byo ku isi nk’abanyamisiri yo hambere, abahindu, abagereki n’abandi.
Abanyarwanda bo hambere nabo bibazaga aho umuzimu atura Amoko atandukanye y’abatuye isi kuva ubuzima bwatangira ku isi ntiyahwemye kwibaza indunduro y’ubuzima n’uko bigenda nyuma y’urupfu bamwe bakemera ko iyo umuntu apfuye ajya ahantu runaka . Gusa ibi byakunze guteza impaka z’urudaca hagati y’abanyamasiyanse(les scientifiques)bemera ikintu gishingiye ku bimenyetso bigaragara ndetse n’abagendera ku myemerere.
Myinshi mu myemerere yemeza ko nyuma y’urupfu umuntu ahindurirwa ubuzima agashyirwa mu cyiciro biturutse yaba ku bikorwa yakoze akiri ku isi, ku rwego yarimo ku isi n’ibindi.
Urugero nk’abakirisitu(christianisme) bemera ko habaho ijuru, umuriro ndetse na purugatori byose ariko bikazakurikirwa n’umunsi w’urubanza mu gihe abo mu myemerere ya Boudha gakondo bagira ibyiciro birenze bitandatu, naho mu bo mu idini y’Abahindu bakemera ko umuntu ashobora gufata undi mubiri n’indi mibereho biturutse ku bikorwa bye mu buzima bwe ku isi.
Ku ruhande rw’abakurambere b’abanyarwanda nabo bemeraga ko umuntu iyo apfuye ataba ashize burundu ariko bo bigasa n’ibibagora gusobanura aho yerekeza nyuma yo kumira umwuka(gupfa).
Umwanditsi Ruhumuriza(1978),avuga ko bamwe bajyaga mu mashyamba y’inzitane bakabona ibiti by’inganzamarumbu byananiye ibihe, bakavuga ko ariho ababo bapfuye baba na cyane ko bashoboraga kuhumva amajwi akomoka wenda ku muyaga.
Aha ngo hashobora kuba ari naho hakomotse kuziririza ibintu runaka no kubigenera imihango yihariye( Kirazira ku bwoko runaka gutema igiti runaka.)
Uretse n’ibiti, uyu mwanditsi avuga ko hari ibindi bintu babonaga bakabiburiro ibisobanuro cyangwa bakabona biteye ubwoba, bityo bikitirirwa inturo y’abazimu,atanga ingero nka bimwe mu bisimba, ibirunga cyangwa ibisozi birebire, ubuvumo, n’ibindi.
Ibi ariko abanyarwanda bo hambere basa n’aho babihuje n’andi moko y’abatuye isi kuko mu gihe mu Rwanda tuhasanga ibirunga nka Nyiragongo byamamaye kuri iyi ngingo, usanga hari n’ahandi nk’ umusozi wa Olympe wubahwaga n’abagereki kuba ingoro y’ikigirwamana “Zeus”, umusozi wa sinayi n’iyindi, cyangwa ngo yibagirwe zimwe mu nyamaswa z’ibirangabwoko( totem.)
Mu gice cya kabiri cy’iyi nyandiko tuzabagezaho uko abakurambere b’abanyarwanda bafataga umuzimu mu muryango ndetse n’ingeso zamwitirirwaga.
Bakunzi b’umuco gakondo wacu, umuco utari ico ucecekesha abanyamahanga bagasesa urumeza iyo babonye intore zacu zisohotse,
nabamenyeshaga ko intumwa z’u Rwanda zari zaragiye mu iserukiramuco nyafurika rya muzika (FESPAM) bagarukanye ishema n’isheja kuko bitwaye neza.
Muri iryo serukiramuco kandi umwari wacu Nyampinga ubahiga bose nawe yaserukanye ishema mu muco wacu gakondo, abari aho bari babanje kwitaka, aho twicaye tuti “Aka wa muhanzi ngo Twaza mwajyahe” yinjiye batangira kwiruma indimi bavugishwa.
Umwari warezwe neza arabahiga daaaaa, abatwara ikamba ubu ni nyampinga.
Muri iki gihe usanga umuntu yica iwawe ugiye guhisha ukitotomba ngo yabibariye, nyamara wiyibagije ko ari umugisha,
kera iyo twabaga tutagiye wihinaga mu murima w’umuturanyi ikifatira umwumba ti cyangwa ikijumba cyo kotsa ntibitere intugunda, Kanda Like niba Wararagiye
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